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1 School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
2 Synchrotron Radiation Department, CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K.
Correspondence: * E-mail: carolyn.pearce{at}manchester.ac.uk
Cation distributions in natural ferrite spinels, some containing large amounts of Mg, Ti, Mn, and Zn, have been investigated using the element-, site-, and symmetry-selective spectroscopic techniques of L2,3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). By comparing XMCD data with calculated spectra, the site occupancies of the Fe cations have been determined. From the analysis of natural ferrite spinels with formulae very close to that of pure magnetite (Fe3O4), a standard XMCD spectrum for natural magnetite is proposed. Magnetites with small numbers of cation vacancies due to oxidation (solid solutions with maghemite, 
-Fe2O3) show that all the vacancies occur in octahedral sites. Ti L2,3 XAS of oxidized Ti-bearing magnetites (hereafter referred to titanomagnetites) shows that Ti is tetravalent occurring on the octahedral site with 10Dq ~2eV; Fe L2,3 XMCD spectra indicate that the vacancies occur in both tetrahedral and octahedral sites. Mn L2,3 XAS of the Mn-rich ferrite spinels shows that Mn is predominantly ordered onto the tetrahedral site with an Mn2+:Mn3+ ratio of 0.85:0.15. Mn- and Zn-rich ferrite spinels have an excess of cations over 3.0 per 4-oxygen formula unit. The sign of the XMCD for Mn corresponds to a parallel alignment of the Mn moments with the Fe3+ moments in the tetrahedral sublattice.
This work demonstrates clearly that combined XAS and XMCD provides direct information on the distribution of multivalent cations in chemically complex magnetic spinels.
Key Words: Analysis • chemical (mineral) • natural ferrite spinel • magnetite • major and minor elements • magnetic properties • order-disorder • site vacancies in natural ferrite spinel • XAS (XMCD) • XRD data • microprobe analysis • Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio • cation distribution
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