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American Mineralogist; August 2004; v. 89; no. 8-9; p. 1153-1154
© 2004 Mineralogical Society of America
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Preface to the Clathrate Hydrates special issue

Bryan C. Chakoumakos

Condensed Matter Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6393, U.S.A.

The first 20% of the full text of this article appears below.

Clathrate hydrates are of an immediate and practical concern, because of the hazards they pose to oil and gas drilling and production operations in both deep marine and onshore Arctic environments. Drilling operations have encountered numerous problems (gas kicks, blowouts, and fires) when gas hydrates are penetrated, due to the large and often uncontrolled gas release from their dissociation. In addition, the conditions in the deep marine oil and gas production facilities and many kinds of pipelines can promote the growth of clathrate hydrates. In these situations, they can form costly and hazardous blockages in pipelines and sub-sea wellheads. Flow assurance in pipelines is a major concern of all deepwater oil and gas companies. In pipeline systems, clathrate hydrates are thermodynamically suppressed by adding antifreeze materials such as salts or glycols. Nucleation and growth of hydrates can also be kinetically inhibited by the addition of certain polymers.

The interests in clathrate hydrates are broad and diverse. Natural marine and permafrost deposits offer a vast untapped reserve of methane, which is conservatively estimated to exceed by a factor of two all other fossil fuels combined. Natural gas from clathrate hydrates might be essential to provide a transition to a hydrogen-based economy that will be independent of carbon-based fuels.

Despite the widespread natural occurrence of at least three structure types of clathrate hydrates, . . . [Full Text of this Article]






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